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div class=dablinkFor more people with this surname, see a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pienaar title=PienaarPienaar/a./div
pbPeet Pienaar/b (born 29 August 1971 near a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potchefstroom title=PotchefstroomPotchefstroom/a, a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa title=South AfricaSouth Africa/a) is a a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African class=mw-redirect title=South AfricanSouth African/a a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_artist class=mw-redirect title=Performance artistperformance artist/a, most famous for having himself a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video title=Videovideotaped/a while undergoing a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumcision title=Circumcisioncircumcision/a in 2000. The discarded a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreskin title=Foreskinforeskin/a, displayed in a small a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspex class=mw-redirect title=Perspexperspex/a case, was part of an installation with a three-monitor video showing the circumcision operation in excruciating close-up./p
pHe studied a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_art title=Fine artfine art/a at the a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Stellenbosch class=mw-redirect title=University of StellenboschUniversity of Stellenbosch/a graduating in 1993./p
pPienaar was first noticed by a wider public in 1996 when he (once a provincial a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union title=Rugby unionrugby union/a player), the son of a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans title=AfrikaansAfrikaans/a speaking farmers, dressed as a a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_national_rugby_union_team title=South Africa national rugby union teamSpringbok rugby player/a, stood motionless for hours in venues ranging from the a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_National_Gallery title=South African National GallerySouth African National Gallery/a to shopping malls./p
pa href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union title=Rugby unionRugby union/a is the national obsession among many white, mostly a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans title=AfrikaansAfrikaans/a speaking a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africans class=mw-redirect title=South AfricansSouth Africans/a, and Pienaar wanted on to explore the a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoeroticism title=Homoeroticismhomoerotic/a aspect of the myths and a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero title=Herohero-worship/a with which players are treated, and the constructs which define a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masculinity title=Masculinitymasculinity/a in a a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchal class=mw-redirect title=Patriarchalpatriarchal/a society./p
piIm using art as an excuse to live a very interesting life – it allows you to be whoever you want to be, do whatever you want to do, go where ever you want to go. Its like a free ticket/i a href=http://www.artthrob.co.za/00dec/artbio.html class=external autonumber rel=nofollow[1]/a./p
pPeet Pienaar is also the a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editing title=Editingeditor/a and co-designer of bAfro Magazine/b with its main aim to celebrate the outstanding creativity and designs of the a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African class=mw-redirect title=AfricanAfrican/a continent. The magazine is the brainchild of his collaborative association with other artists called iDaddy buy me a pony/i, and won a a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clio_Awards title=Clio AwardsGolden Clio/a for its innovative design./p
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lia href=http://www.artthrob.co.za/00dec/artbio.html class=external text rel=nofollowArtthrob.co.za/a/li
lia href=http://www.jhblive.co.za/live/publications_view.jsp?pub_id=46551 class=external text rel=nofollowJhblive.co.za/a/li
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tdiThis a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa title=South AfricaSouth African/a a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biography title=Biographybiographical/a article is a a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub title=Wikipedia:Stubstub/a. You can help Wikipedia by a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peet_Pienaaramp;action=edit class=external text rel=nofollowexpanding it/a./i
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pbAli Yata/b was a a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco title=MoroccoMoroccan/a a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist class=mw-redirect title=Communistcommunist/a leader. He was born in a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangier title=TangierTangier/a in 1920. Yata took part in the foundation of the a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroccan_Communist_Party title=Moroccan Communist PartyMoroccan Communist Party/a (PCM) in 1943. After a few years he became the general secretary of the party, replacing the founding general secretary a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A9on_Soltaneamp;action=editamp;redlink=1 title=Léon Soltane (page does not exist) class=newLéon Soltane/a who died in 1945.a href=http://www.lagazettedumaroc.com/articles.php?r=2amp;sr=985amp;n=471amp;id_artl=9970 class=external autonumber rel=nofollow[1]/a/p
pIn 1960 PCM was banned. Yata then founded the a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liberation_and_Socialism_Partyamp;action=editamp;redlink=1 title=Liberation and Socialism Party (page does not exist) class=newLiberation and Socialism Party/a, which was banned in 1969. In 1974 he founded the a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_of_Progress_and_Socialism title=Party of Progress and SocialismParty of Progress and Socialism/a (PPS). He became increasingly moderate, and supported the claims of the Moroccan government on a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Sahara title=Western SaharaWestern Sahara/a. After the fall of the Socialist Bloc, his party distanced itself from communism./p
pAli Yata died in 1997. He was replaced by Ismaïl Alaoui as the leader of PPS.a href=http://www.terra.es/personal2/monolith/morocco.htm class=external autonumber rel=nofollow[2]/a/p
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lia href=http://www.humanite.presse.fr/journal/1997-08-14/1997-08-14-785135 class=external text rel=nofollowObituary in lHumanité/a/li
lia href=http://www.sinophilia.org/china/storia4.htm class=external text rel=nofollowPhoto of Yata with Mao Zedong/a/li
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tdiThis article about a a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco title=MoroccoMoroccan/a a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politician title=Politicianpolitician/a is a a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub title=Wikipedia:Stubstub/a. You can help Wikipedia by a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ali_Yataamp;action=edit class=external text rel=nofollowexpanding it/a./i
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pbSir Benjamin Lockspeiser/b a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath title=Order of the BathKCB/a, a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society title=Royal SocietyFRS/a, a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MIMechEamp;action=editamp;redlink=1 title=MIMechE (page does not exist) class=newMIMechE/a, a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FRAeS class=mw-redirect title=FRAeSFRAeS/a,(March 9, 1891 – October 18, 1990) was a British scientific administrator and the first President of a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN title=CERNCERN/a./p
pLockspeiser was educated at the a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackney_Downs_School title=Hackney Downs SchoolGrocers Companys School/a, a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Hackney title=London Borough of HackneyHackney/a, and a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Sussex_College,_Cambridge title=Sidney Sussex College, CambridgeSidney Sussex College, Cambridge/a. He served as a private with the a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Army_Medical_Corps title=Royal Army Medical CorpsRoyal Army Medical Corps/a at a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallipoli title=GallipoliGallipoli/a during the a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War class=mw-redirect title=First World WarFirst World War/a. Lockspeiser became a chemist at the a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Aircraft_Establishment title=Royal Aircraft EstablishmentRoyal Aircraft Establishment/a, a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farnborough_Airfield title=Farnborough AirfieldFarnborough/a./p
pDuring the Second World War he was promoted and worked on secret projects for the a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiralty title=AdmiraltyAdmiralty/a./p
pHe was also at the a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Aircraft_Production class=mw-redirect title=Ministry of Aircraft ProductionMinistry of Aircraft Production/a, and supplied the spotlight altimeter method for the a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Chastise title=Operation ChastiseDambusters raid/a. He became Deputy-Director./p
pHe was knighted in the 1946 a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Year%27s_Honours class=mw-redirect title=New Years HonoursNew Years Honours/a list. By the 1950s he was Secretary at the a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research title=Department of Scientific and Industrial ResearchDepartment of Scientific and Industrial Research/asup class=reference id=cite_ref-0a href=#cite_note-0span[/span1span]/span/a/sup/p
pQuote about the establishment of CERN. Scientific research lives and flourishes in an atmosphere of freedom – freedom to doubt, freedom to enquire and freedom to discover. These are the conditions under which this new laboratory has been established./p
pReference to an Automatic Computing Engine project is referenced in memos dated from 1950 at the a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing title=Alan TuringAlan Turing/a Archive a href=http://www.alanturing.net/turing_archive/archive/p/p40/P40-015.html class=external autonumber rel=nofollow[2]/a./p
pMuch is mentioned about his cancellation of the a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_M.52 title=Miles M.52Miles M.52/a Supersonic Jet project when he was a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Director_of_Scientific_Researchamp;action=editamp;redlink=1 title=Director of Scientific Research (page does not exist) class=newDirector of Scientific Research/a./p
pHis pre-war interest in Communism made him the object of monitoring by the British secret service.sup class=reference id=cite_ref-1a href=#cite_note-1span[/span2span]/span/a/sup/p
h2 span class=mw-headline id=Notes_and_referencesNotes and references/span/h2
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li id=cite_note-0ba href=#cite_ref-0^/a/b a href=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1949/1949%20-%200290.html class=external autonumber rel=nofollow[1]/a/li
li id=cite_note-1ba href=#cite_ref-1^/a/b a href=https://www.mi5.gov.uk/output/27-august-2009-releases-leading-scientists.html#benjamin class=external text rel=nofollow27 August 09 releases/a/li
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lia href=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1935/1935%20-2-%200564.html class=external text rel=nofollow1935 resume of PREVENTING ICE FORMATION The Thermal, Mechanical and Chemical Methods of Combating the Danger/a/li
lia href=http://www.cerncourier.com/main/article/44/8/7 class=external text rel=nofollowiCERN Courier/i (January/February 1960)/a/li
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tdiThis article about a a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom title=United KingdomBritish/a a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientist title=Scientistscientist/a is a a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub title=Wikipedia:Stubstub/a. You can help Wikipedia by a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ben_Lockspeiseramp;action=edit class=external text rel=nofollowexpanding it/a./i
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Hulun Lake
A boat on a dried-up section of Lake Hulun
Location	Inner Mongolia
Coordinates	48°58′23″N 117°26′08″E / 48.97306°N 117.43556°E / 48.97306; 117.43556Coordinates: 48°58′23″N 117°26′08″E / 48.97306°N 117.43556°E / 48.97306; 117.43556
Primary inflows	Kherlen, Orshuun Gol
Primary outflows	Mutnaya Protoka (temporal, Argun tributary)
Catchment area	33,469 km²[1]
Basin countries	China, Mongolia
Max. length	90 km [2]
Max. width	27 km [2]
Surface area	2,339 km²
Average depth	5.7 m[1]
Surface elevation	539 m

Hulun Lake, also known as Dalai nuur (“ocean lake” in Mongolian), is located in Inner Mongolia, China. It is one of the five largest freshwater lakes in all of China, covering approximately 2,339 km².

As in 1995 annual fish production was ab. 7,000 tons, 100 tons of shrimp, 4 kg of pearls, 1.5 mln crayfish. Lake is one of the key reed production areas in China^[1].

A garden overlooking Hulun Lake

It is a tourist destination during the summer, but during off times, the lake’s visitors are few. The lake isn’t far from Manzhouli, which is on a major rail-line. Although there are several villages nearby, Manzhouli is the nearest city of reputable size.

References

v • d • e Lakes of China Five Great Freshwater Lakes Lake Poyang  • Lake Dongting  • Lake Tai  • Lake Hongze  • Lake Chao Five Great Salt Lakes Qinghai Lake  • Namtso  • 色林错 • 乌伦古湖  • Yamdrok Lake National Park Jingpo Lake  • 五大连池湖 • 五大连池  • Lake Tai  • West Lake  • East Lake (Wuhan)  • Tianchi Lake (Tianshan)  • 松花湖  • 净月潭  • 瘦西湖  • Lake Dongting  • 红枫湖  • Lake Dian  • 金湖 (泰宁) • 金湖  • 月牙泉  • Qinghai Lake  • Lake Chao  • 仙女湖  • 惠州西湖  • 邛海  • 博斯腾湖  • 飞云湖  • 湖光岩  • 白龙湖  • 赛里木湖  • 花亭湖  • 柘林湖 Protected Wetlands Dongting Lake  • Lake Poyang  • 达赉湖  • 南洞庭湖  • 西洞庭湖  • 兴凯湖  • 碧塔海  • 纳帕海  • 拉什海  • 鄂陵湖  • 扎陵湖  • 玛旁雍错 Nature Reserve 衡水湖  • Xingkai Lake  • 五大连池湖 • 五大连池  • 升金湖  • Lake Poyang  • Dongting Lake  • Erhai Lake  • 色林错  • 敦煌西湖  • 尕海  • Qinghai Lake  • Caohai Lake  • Dalai Nur  • 哈纳斯湖  • Lake Hongze  • 哈巴湖 Reservoirs Three Gorges Dam  • 龙羊峡水电站 • 龙羊峡水库  • 丹江口水库  • Qiandao Lake  • 新丰江水库 Other Lakes Aibi Lake • Ayding Lake • Baiyangdian Lake • Bosten Lake • Buir Nuur • Chagan Lake (China) • Chaiwopu Lak • Changshou Lake • Crescent Lake (Dunhuang) • Daming Lake • Dian Lake • Dianshan Lake • Diexi Lake • Dongqian Lake • Fuxian Lake • Heaven Lake • Hong Lake • Hongze Lake • Hulun Lake • Hundred Flower Pond • Kanas Lake • Karakul (China) • Khanka Lake • Kunming Lake • Liujiaxia Reservoir • Lop Lake • Lugu Lake • Luoma Lake • Nansi Lake • Pangong Lake •  • Lake Rakshastal • Ruyi Lake • Sapung Lake • Sayram Lake • South Lake (Jiaxing) • Taihu Lake • Tangjiashan Lake •  • Ulungur Lake • White Cloud Lake • Xuanwu Lake • Yangcheng Lake • Yangzong Lake • Yilong Lake • Yueya Lake (Nanjing)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Maizal
Maizal
Coordinates: 19°39′0″N 71°1′48″W / 19.65°N 71.03°W / 19.65; -71.03Coordinates: 19°39′0″N 71°1′48″W / 19.65°N 71.03°W / 19.65; -71.03
Country	Dominican Republic
Province	Valverde
Population (2008)
- Total	3 486

Maizal is a town in the Valverde province of the Dominican Republic.

Sources

• World Gazeteer: Dominican Republic – World-Gazetteer.com

This Dominican Republic location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v • d • e

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is a complete listing of episodes from the Cartoon Network animated television series The Powerpuff Girls.

There were 79 episodes total, including two specials and a direct-to-TV movie. They are listed here in the order in which they aired, and not necessarily in order of their episode numbers; the date following each episode’s title is the date of the original airing of that episode.

Whoopass Stew

A short made in 1992 by McCracken while he was in college at CalArts. It was submitted to Cartoon Network, and the name was changed as it was deemed inappropriate. Four of them were created (one was finished, three were not).

What a Cartoon! shorts

Season 1

Season 2

Season 3

Season 4

Season 5

Season 6

Special

A special 22-minute episode, produced for the 10th anniversary from the series’ original airing on November 18, 1998.

References

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The wars in Lombardy were a series of conflicts fought in central-northern Italy between the Republic of Venice and the Duchy of Milan, and their different allies. They lasted from 1425 until the signing of the Treaty of Lodi in 1454. During their course, the political structure of Italy was transformed: out of a competitive congeries of communes and city-states, emerged the five major Italian territorial powers that would make up the map of Italy until the Italian Wars. Important cultural centers of Tuscany and Northern Italy—Siena, Pisa, Urbino, Mantua, Ferrara—became politically marginalized. The wars, fought in four campaigns, were a struggle for hegemony in Northern Italy that ravaged the economy of Lombardy and weakened the power of Venice, whose leaders failed to heed the words of warning in doge Tommaso Mocenigo’s famous farewell letter (1423):

“Beware of the desire to take what belongs to others, and of making unjust war, for God will destroy you.”

The war, which was both a result and cause of Venetian involvement in the power politics of mainland Italy,^[1] found Venetian territory extended to the banks of the Adda and involved the rest of Italy in shifting alliances but only minor skirmishing. The shifting counterweight in the balance was the allegiance of Florence, at first allied with Venice against encroachments by Visconti Milan, then switching to ally with Francesco Sforza against the increasing territorial threat of Venice. The Peace of Lodi, concluded in 1454, brought forty years of comparative peace to Northern Italy,^[2] as Venetian conflicts focussed elsewhere.^[3]

First campaign

The first of four campaigns against the territorial ambitions of Filippo Maria Visconti, duke of Milan, was connected to the death of the lord of Forlì, Giorgio Ordelaffi. He had named Visconti the trustee of his nine-year-old heir, Teobaldo II. The latter’s mother, Lucrezia degli Alidosi, daughter of the lord of Imola, did not agree and assumed the regency for herself. The Forlivesi rebelled and called in the city the Milanese Visconti’s condottiero, Agnolo della Pergola (May 14, 1423). Florence reacted by declaring war on Visconti. Its captain Pandolfo Malatesta therefore entered Romagna to help the Alidosi of Imola, but he was defeated and the city stormed on February 14, 1424. The young Luigi degli Alidosi was sent captive to Milan and a few days later the lord of Faenza, Guidantonio Manfredi, joined the Visconti party. The Florentine army, this time commanded by Carlo Malatesta, was again defeated, at the Battle of Zagonara in July; Carlo, taken prisoner, was freed by Visconti and joined him too. Florence thus hired Niccolò Piccinino and Oddo da Montone, but the two were also beaten in Val di Lamone. Oddo was killed but Piccinino was able to convince Manfredi to declare war against Visconti.

After the failure in Romagna, Florence tried to defy the Visconti from the Ligurian side, by allying with the Aragonese of Naples. However, both a fleet of 24 Aragonese galleys sent to Genoa to move it to fight against the Milanese, and a land army, were unsuccessful. In the meantime, Piccinino and the other condottiero Francesco Sforza had been hired by Visconti, who also sent an army to invade Tuscany under Guido Torello. He subsequently defeated the Florentine army at Anghiari and Faggiuola.

The Florentine disaster was countered by the pact signed on December 4, 1425 with the Republic of Venice. By the agreement the war was to be pursued at the common expense of both: the conquests in Lombardy to be assigned to the Venetians; those in Romagna and Tuscany to the Florentines; and the condottiero Carmagnola was appointed Captain General of the League. In the ensuing fighting seasons (1425-26), Carmagnola, recently in the pay of Visconti, retook Brescia, which he had recently taken on behalf of Visconti, after a long siege which saw massive use of artillery (November 26, 1426). Meanwhile the Venetian fleet on the Po River, under Francesco Bembo, advanced as far as Padua, and the Florentines regained all their lands in Tuscany. Visconti, who had already ceded Forlì and Imola to the Pope to gain his favour, called a mediation. Through the intervention of the Papal legate, Niccolò degli Albergati, the peace was signed on December 30, 1426 in Venice.

Visconti regained the lands occupied by Florence in Liguria, but had to renounce the area of Vercelli, conquered by Amadeus VIII of Savoy, and Brescia, which went to Venice, and to promise to stop encroaching himself in Romagna and Tuscany.

Second campaign

The peace did not last very long. Under advice by the emperor Sigismund, Visconti refused to ratify it and the war broke out in May 1427. The Milanese were initially victorious, taking Casalmaggiore and besieging Brescello; the fleet sent there was set on fire by the Venetian fleet of Bembo; however, Niccolò Piccinino was able to defeat Carmagnola at Gottolengo on May 29. The Venetian commander pushed him back and conquered Casalmaggiore on July 12, while Orlando Pallavicino, lord of several castles near Parma, rebelled against the Visconti as Amadeus VIII and John Jacob of Montferrat invaded Lombardy from East.

Visconti could count on some of the best condottieri of the time, such as Sforza, della Pergola, Piccinino and Guido Torello. But, as they were jealous, he named supreme commander Carlo Malatesta. The latter led the Milanese at Maclodio (October 4, 1427), being crushed by the Venetians under Carmagnola. The victory was however indecisive, and Visconti managed to reconciliate with Amadeus by ceding him Vercelli and marrying his daughter Maria. However, as Sforza was defeated by some Genoese exiled and Sigismund’s help was wanting, Visconti sued for a treaty. With the mediation of the Pope, the peace was signed at Ferrara on April 18, 1428. A Venetian governor was established at Bergamo and Crema (1429) in addition to confirming the Venetian possession of Brescia and its contado (neighbourhood). The Florentines recovered the strongholds they had lost, apart from Volterra who rebelled against the new settlement. The troops sent to reduce that city, under Niccolò Fortebraccio, were later sent to invade the Lucca, whose lord, Paolo Guinigi, had previously sided with the Visconti.

Third campaign

The third war (1431-1433) started, therefore, when Visconti took up the Lucchese cause, by sending them Francesco Sforza, with 3,000 horse; Sforza, however, was eventually bought off with fifty thousand ducats from the Florentines, who continued the siege of Lucca after the condottiero had left. Called in by the besieged, Visconti managed to have the Republic of Genoa^[4] declare war against Florence. The subsequent defeat on the Serchio banks of their commander, Guidantonio da Montefeltro (December 2, 1430, encouraged the Florentines to engage the aid of Venice once more and re-erect their lapsed League, with the favour of the new Pope, Eugene IV, a Venetian. Visconti replied by rehiring Piccinino and Sforza, who were again to face Carmagnola.

The League’s army was first beaten at Soncino (May 17, 1431), while Luigi Colonna defeated the Venetians at Cremona, Cristoforo Lavello pushed back the Montferrat troops, and Piccinino established strong positions in Tuscany. Another source of dismay for the revived League was the destruction of the Po Fleet under Niccolò Trevisani near Pavia (June 23). In 1431 Visconti also found a precious ally in Amadeus VIII of Savoy in exchange for his help against John Jacob of Montferrat.

Venice won a naval victory over Genoa at San Fruttuoso on 27 August 1431, but on land Carmagnola, the commander of Venetian forces, moved cautiously, avoiding a pitched battle and raising the suspicion he could have been bought by Visconti, while the latter was also joined by Sigismund who had entered Italy to receive the imperial crown. In the end Carmagnola was suspended; recalled by the Council of Ten, he was arrested in March 1432, tried for treason and beheaded outside the Doge’s Palace. In the November 1432 a Venetian army was crushed by Piccinino at the Battle of Delebio by a joint army of Milan and Valtellina, which had been invaded by the Serenissima in 1431.

The peace of Ferrara in May 1433 institutionalized an unsteady status quo. The Florentine war with Lucca and her allies likewise resulted in a return to the previous status quo, but the major League leader’s lack of successes had lost much charisma: the Venetian doge Francesco Foscari was on the verge of resigning, while Cosimo de’ Medici was imprisoned and confined in Padua. Another result of the peace agreement was the reduction of Montferrat to a satellite of Savoy.

Fourth campaign

In the so-called “fourth war” broader questions were personalized in the combats among antagonistic condottieri: Gattamelata, and later Francesco Sforza fought nominally for Venice, while the Visconti side was led by Niccolò Piccinino, who had promised to Eugene IV to reconquer the Marche for him. But, in a reversal typical of the time, when he captured Ravenna and Bologna, he forced the cities to recognize Milanese suzerainty.

Piccinino, backed by Gian Francesco Gonzaga, had invaded the Lombard possessions of Venice. In September 1438 he laid siege to Brescia and assaulted Bergamo and Verona. In response to this Venice signed an alliance with Florence and Francesco Sforza, including some notable captains of the time such as Astorre II Manfredi, Pietro Persaliano and Niccolò III of Ferrara, who was also restored the Polesine in exchange for his support.

The Milanese were repeatedly defeated in Tuscany and at Soncino (June 14, 1440). The war seemed won for Venice, and Sforza went to Venice to receive the honour of a triumph. However, Piccinino returned from Romagna in February 1441 and crushed Sforza’s garrison at Chiari. Sforza besieged Martinengo, but when Piccinino cut him off from any possibility of retreat the situation looked again favourable to Milan. Believing that the victory was now in his hands, he asked from Visconti the signiory of Piacenza in exchange for it. The lord of Milan preferred instead to appeal to Sforza for an agreement.

On the field of Cavriana, Sforza acted as mediator between the two sides, accomplishing the act for which Carmagnola had lost his head. No large territorial changes were made in the ensuing Peace of Cremona of 20 November 1441: Venice kept Ravenna, Florence the Casentino. Piccinino was awarded the lands of Orlando Pallavicino in the Parmense, while Filippo Maria Visconti recognized the independence of Genoa and again promised to stop interfering with the situation in Tuscany and Romagna.

Aftermath

Off the battlefields, important dynastic and political changes occurred: Francesco Sforza entered the service of Visconti and married his daughter, while Florence took a new turn under Cosimo de’ Medici. After Visconti died in 1447, Francesco Sforza, backed by Lorenzo de’ Medici, entered Milan in triumph (May 1450).^[5] Two coalitions now formed: Sforza Milan allied with Medici Florence on the one hand, faced Venice and the Aragonese Kingdom of Naples on the other. The main theater of war remained Lombardy, where both sides joined in the Peace of Lodi (May 1454), a compromise peace that formed the basis for a general accord among the four contenders, Venice, Milan, Florence and Naples, under the blessings of Pope Nicholas V, representing the fifth power in Italy. The peace of Lodi is often marked as the emergence of a consciously expressed European political principle of balance of power.

See also

• Filippo Maria Visconti
• War of Ferrara
• Italian Wars

Notes

References

• Niccolò Machiavelli, History of Florence Books IV.i-VI.vi The wars in Lombardy from the Florentine perspective.
• Veneto.org: History of Venice

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Coordinates: 52°52′22″N 3°04′20″W / 52.8729°N 3.0723°W / 52.8729; -3.0723

This article is an orphan, as few or no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related articles; suggestions are available. (June 2008)

Brogyntyn is a mansion to the north-west of Oswestry in Shropshire, England.

History

It was a residence of members of the princely dynasty of the Welsh kingdom of Powys and one of the taî’r uchelwyr (houses of the gentry) in late medieval Wales. *

It subsequently came into the possession of the Ormsby-Gore family (Lord Harlech). Its English correspondent is sometimes given as Porkington.

A manuscript known to have been in the possession of Brogyntyn in 1574 was a copy of the Hanes Gruf(f)udd ab Cynan.

The house itself is of brick dating from circa 1730 refaced and much added to in 1811 and subsequently. It is noted for a portico of four giant unfluted Ionic columns with scrolls and pediment. Outside can be seen an arch with 2 pairs of unfluted Ionic columns.

In the entrance hall survives an elaborately carved fireplace dated 1617.

References

• The Myvyrian Archaiology of Wales, Volume II Prose, London 1801, p.605.
• N. Pevsner, Shropshire (The Buildings of England), Penguin 1958.

External links

• www.geograph.co.uk : photos of Brogyntyn and surrounding area today

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Hydrometridae
Hydrometra stagnorum
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Hemiptera
Suborder:	Heteroptera
Infraorder:	Gerromorpha
Family:	Hydrometridae
Subfamilies and genera
Heterocleptinae Heterocleptes Veliometra Hydrometrinae Baciliometra Chaetometra Dolichocephalometra Hydrometra Limnobatodinae Limnobatodes

Hydrometridae is a family of semi-aquatic insects, known as marsh treaders or water measurers. They have a characteristic elongated head and body which makes them resemble a yardstick for measuring the water surface.

Appearance

Hydrometrid bugs are of a greyish or pale brown colour, and relatively large amongst Gerromorpha at around 8 mm, although some can exceed 15 mm. Their body and legs are long and slender, to the point where they resemble tiny phasmatodeans. The family is mostly wingless, but winged forms do occur. The head is long as well, usually more so than the body. Their eyes are located a little behind the middle of the head and tend to bulge. Their antennae, positioned at the end of its head ^[1] are four-segmented and their tarsi three-segmented ^[2].

Habitat and ecology

Marsh treaders are fairly common and have been found throughout the world. The greatest diversity, however, is found within the tropics, with only Hydrometra occurring elsewhere. The family is notable for having two genera, Chaetometra and Dolichocephalometra, which are present in the Marquesas Islands where nearly all other Gerramorpha are absent ^[3]. They usually occur on water surfaces at the edges of lakes, ponds, and wetlands, most often where fish are not present. They prefer aquatic vegetation or will slowly walk across calm waters, but will move quickly when disturbed ^[2]. They are predatory, and will feed but also scavenge fallen animals, surface-dwelling springtails being one of their favourite meals. They are also great climbers and will climb plants to find insects to eat. They will use their barbed rostrum to spear their prey in the surface film ^[4]. They have been generally found to have five immature stages and become adults within four to six weeks.

Systematics

The family comprises three subfamilies of seven genera, and more than 110 species are currently recognised. One subfamily is Heterocleptinae, which has tiny hairs covering its head, thorax, and base of the abdomen and a relatively broad and short pronotum; it comprises two genera, Heterocleptes (Villiers), of four species from Africa and Borneo, and Veliometra (Andersen), with a single species in the Amazon Basin of Brazil. The second subfamily is Hydrometrinae, with micro- and macro-hairs covering its entire body and the pronotum length being much shorter than the ante-ocular portion of the head. It includes the genera Baciliometra (Esaki), with four species from tropical South America, Chaetometra (Hungerford) and Dolichocephalometra (Hungerford), two monotypic genera from the Marquesas Islands, and Hydrometra, of at least 80 species worldwide. The final subfamily is Limnobatodinae, which is closely related to Hydrometrinae, although it has hairs only on its head, thorax, and base of the abdomen, and pronotum longer than the ante-ocular portion of its head. It comprises a single species, Limnobatodes paradoxus (Hussey), from Belize, Brazil and Peru ^[3].

References

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Karl Haas (December 6, 1913 – February 6, 2005) was a German-American classical music radio host, whose distinctively sonorous voice and humanistic approach to making music appreciation contagious made him well-received by many.^[1] He was the host of the classical music radio program Adventures in Good Music, which was syndicated to commercial and public radio stations around the world.^[2] He also published a book, Inside Music.^[3] In addition to being a musicologist, Haas was also an accomplished pianist and conductor.^[1]

Early life

Haas was born in Speyer, Palatinate in 1913. He studied at the Mannheim Conservatory, and earned a doctorate in music literature from the University of Heidelberg. He studied piano with Artur Schnabel. Haas, who was Jewish, left Germany in 1936 with the rise of Nazism. He first settled in Detroit, Michigan, but lived in other places before returning to Detroit near the end of his life.^[4]

Adventures in Good Music

Haas began his radio program Adventures in Good Music on WJR in Detroit, Michigan in 1959.^[2] Syndicated broadcasts of the show across the United States began in 1970 on WCLV, a Cleveland, Ohio radio station. Eventually syndicated to commercial and public radio stations around the world, the show became the world’s most widely listened-to classical music radio program.^[4][5]

The theme music for Adventures in Good Music was the 2nd movement from Beethoven’s “Pathétique” Sonata (Sonata No. 8 in C minor), performed by Haas himself. Haas started every show with his trademark greeting “Hello everyone,” and even titled a track of his CD as such. For several years, the program had the most listeners of any classical music radio show in the world.^[4]

Haas received the Charles Frankel Award of the National Endowment for the Humanities in 1991.^[6] President George H. W. Bush personally presented the award to Haas at the White House. Haas also twice won the George Foster Peabody Award for excellence in broadcasting.^[4] In 1997 he became the first classical music broadcaster to be named to the Radio Hall of Fame.^[7]

Haas did not produce any new episodes of the show in the last two years of his life.^[1] WCLV continued to syndicate recordings of his previous shows until June 2007. That month, WCLV announced “with great regret” that it would broadcast and syndicate its last Adventures in Good Music program on June 29, 2007.^[7] The announcement explained that the number of stations that carried the show had dropped from well over 400 to fewer than 20, which made it unfeasible to continue the program’s national distribution.

Although most episodes of Adventures in Good Music are not available publicly because of copyright restrictions, three CDs featuring Haas and his commentary have been issued: The Romantic Piano, The Story of the Bells, and Song and Dance. The Haas family is searching for ways to make Karl’s encyclopedic musical knowledge available to the public.^[7]

See also

• Adventures in Good Music
• Bill McGlaughlin
• Exploring Music

References

Bibliography

• Haas, K. (1999). Inside Music. South Melbourne, Macmillan. ISBN 0732910048

External links

• Video in which Karl Haas briefly explains why he devoted his entire life to music (hosted by Fine Arts Radio International)
  • Youtube version
• Obituary in the Washington Post February 8, 2005; Page B06
• Haas inducted into the Radio Hall of Fame
• Memorial piece about Karl Haas and his radio style
• Interview by Bruce Duffie, October 28, 1989